comparative

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

tall taller tallest

old older oldest

long longer longest

Mary is taller than Max.

Mary is the tallest of all the students.

Max is older than John.

Of the three students, Max is the oldest.

My hair is longer than your hair.

Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.

*If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form

large larger largest

wise wiser wisest

Mary's car is larger than Max's car.

Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.

Max is wiser than his brother.

Max is the wisest person I know.

*If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It Comparative Form Superlative Form

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest

fat fatter fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog.

My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.

Max is thinner than John.

Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.

My mother is fatter than your mother.

Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

careful more careful most careful

thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.

Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.

Max is more careful than Mike.

Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.

Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.

Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

*If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form

happy happier happiest

angry angrier angriest

busy busier busiest

John is happier today than he was yesterday.

John is the happiest boy in the world.

Max is angrier than Mary.

Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.

Mary is busier than Max.

Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow Comparative Form Superlative Form

narrow narrower narrowest

gentle gentler gentlest

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.

This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form Superlative Form

generous more generous most generous

important more important most important

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

John is more generous than Jack.

John is the most generous of all the people I know.

Health is more important than money.

Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.

Women are more intelligent than men.

Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

good better best

bad worse worst

far farther farthest

little less least

many more most

Italian food is better than American food.

My dog is the best dog in the world.

My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.

Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

clever cleverer cleverest

clever more clever most clever

gentle gentler gentlest

gentle more gentle most gentle

friendly friendlier friendliest

friendly more friendly most friendly

quiet quieter quietest

quiet more quiet most quiet

simple simpler simplest

simple more simple most simple

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.


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imperative

Definition: Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands, warning or instructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of an English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive).

For example:

• Give me that tape, please.

To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"

For example:

• Come here!
• Sit down!

To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:

For example:

• Don't go!
• Do not walk on the grass.

You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".

For example:

• Let's stop now.
• Let's have some lunch.
• Let's not argue
• Let's not tell her about it.

Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:

For example:

• Sit down now!
  * "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:

For example:

• Sit down now!
  * "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
• Watch out!
• Look out!
• Don't cross!

Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.

For example:

• Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood.
• Don't drink alcohol
• Don't eat heavy meals

Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:

For example:

• Please take a seat.
• Please wait here.
• Please hold the line.
• Please don't smoke here.

http://www.english-online.org.uk/int2/aski1.htm

http://www.english-online.org.uk/adv2/aska1.htm

Simple present

A)    Study this example situation:

Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed.

So:

He is not drives a bus (he is asleep).                             

But : He drives a bus.

This is the simple present tense:

I / we /you/they drive

He/she/(it)           drives

We use the simple present to talk about thing in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:

§  The earth goes around the sun.

§  Nurses take care of patients in hospital.

§  In Canada, most stores close at 6.00 p.m.

Remember that we say he /she/it-s. Don’t forget the s:

§  I work in the bank .Barry works in a department store.

B)use do/dose to make questions and negative sentences:

do           I/we/you/they

does             he/she/it            work ?

I/we/you/they         don’t                

         he/she/it          doesn’t              work

§  Excuse me, do you speak English?

§  “Would you like a cigarette?”  “No, thanks. I don’t smoke.”

§  Want does this word mean? (not Want means this word?)

§  Rice doesn’t grow in Alaska.

C)     We use the simple present when we say how often we do things:

§  I get up at 8:00 every morning. ( not am getting )

§  How often do you go to the dentist?

§  Ann doesn’t go out very often.

§  In the summer , Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.

 D )   Note that we say  “Where do you come from?” (= Where are you from?):

                  §  Where do you come from? (not Where are you coming from?)

                        §  He comes from   Japan.  (not He is coming from Japan.)

Exercise 

   

Complete the sentence with the ffirmative form of the verb in brackets.

A) I (drive) drive   but my sister (cycle)..................

B) The Sun ( rise) ...............in the east and (set) ..............in the west.

C)The Prine Minister (travel)..............abroad in his own private aeroplane.

D)It (cost).................$20 million to be a space tourist for one week in the International Space Station.

E)The European Commission (meet).............in Brussels.

Complete the sentence with the negative from of the verb in the brackets.

Use contraction.

A)You (do) don't do     any of the cooking!

B) My brother (play) ................tennis because he (like)..................it.

C) I (think) .............................that good idea.

D)Teacher(work)........................at weekends.

E)The goverment (agree)................with the new EU law.

Reference
Michael Vince.(2007).Macmillan English Grammar In Context.Oxford

Place prepostion , prepositions in phrases, place adverbs.

in, at,on


Use in for things enclosed in something eles. We use in with towns and countries.


    Sugar dissolves in water                The cell is found in the upper part of  the leaf.
    in Ghana           in Pisa                   in the north of ltaly


Use at with  a place.
    Ask at the cinema for details.          At the point where the two lines meet...


Use on for things on the surface or side of something, and with islands.
    Some lichens grow on bare rock.    There were on trees on the island.


We generally use on for tains, buses, ships, and planes, and in for cars.
    I met an old friend on the train.


into, out of
into describes movement in and out of is the opposite. In everyday speech, out is used intead of
out of.
    Two men came into the bank.          Everyone ran out of the burning building.


Out of is also the oppsite of in.
     Mr Smith is out of the building at the moment.


inside, outside
inside is used to describe something in a room etc, especially when the speaker is outside.
    The police were watching what was happening inside the bank.
    Can you stan outside the door, please.


to,from
Use to with verb of movement, change etc, though not with home.
     Not many children go to school in Burkina Faso.       I when home at 6.00.


Use to and from to desribe the two points of a movement.
     It changes from a liquid to a solid.


below, under, beneath
Below means 'at a lower level' and occurs in phrases such as below zero;below average;
see below for more information.


Under can mean 'covered by', as in under the bed and under a pile of books.
We also use it in these phrases:
     Look it up under'Mammals'        Children under five are admitted free.


Beneath means' exactly under' and can be used in place
     We sat beneat/ under a tree.       Beneath/ under a pile of books...


above, over
About means at higher level than something, and not touching it.
      Put your hands above your head.          There is a forest above the village.


Over is  the opposite of under , and can mean 'touching or covering'.
      They put a blanket over him to keep him warm.


Above and over can be used to mean the same thing, especially when something
is at a higher level exactly vertically.
       They lived in a flat above/over the bank.


preposition+ noun+ of


at the end of     at the side of          at the beginning of     at the front of 
at the back of   at the bottom of     at the top of               in fron of
in the middle of

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HELPING AND MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

      Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined.

    There are a total of 27 helping verbs in the English Language and we can further break them down into 3 categories ie Primary, Modal and Semi-Modal:

Primary Helping Verbs (14 verbs)

• be, being, been, am, are, is, was, were (main)
• have, had, has (main)
• do, does, did (main)
• Notice that verbs in the above three families may also stand alone and be the main verb of a sentence. e.g. She is in the shop (there is no other verbs in this sentence except “is” so it can act as main verb as well).

Modal Helping Verbs (10 verb)

• should, could, would
• may, might, must
• will, can, shall
• ought to

We use modal helping verbs to “modify” the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense e.g. I may eat later, You should get it repaired, They might not come. (notice that “may, should, might” in these sentence have altered the meaning of the main verbs “eat, repaired, come”.

Semi-modal Helping Verbs (3 verbs)

• need, dare, used to

These are often called “semi-modals” because they are partly like modal helping verbs and partly like main verbs:

Tips on Helping Verbs:

• not every sentence will have a helping verb with the main verb .
• there will always be a helping verb when you see a verb with “ing”
• sometimes a word will separate the helping verb from the main verb, like “not”
• Some sentences have 3 helping verbs to the main verb .
   

Helping Verb Examples

We will now see the examples of helping verbs, which are an important part of the parts of speech of English grammar.

Examples of Primary Helping Verbs

"Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm." ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Are you sick and tired of headaches?"

"Do study for your exams."

Examples of Modal Helping Verbs

"If we love our country, we should also love our countrymen." ~ Ronald Reagan

"Shall I call a doctor for you?"

"Do wildflowers grow in your back yard?"

"You and me could spend the afternoon just sitting around talking."

"She might be my adviser next semester."

     Before I end this write up on helping verbs, we will just sum it up. There are two types of helping verbs. The primary verbs can stand alone in the sentence, but the modal verbs do require another verb. Most of the times the main verb and the helping verb stand next to one another. However, in case of a question, they may be separated. They can also be separated if it is a negative sentence. A sentence can have more than 1 helping verb. There can be as many as three helping verbs in a single sentence

Abbreviated Forms Exercise: Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of do, be orhave. If more than one answer is possible, give them both.

1. I started collecting stamps when I was seven years old, and I still __________ .

2. The chemical itself isn’t harmful, but it can be converted to a form which __________.

3. I haven’t got any ideas at the moment, but when I __________, I’ll let you know.

4. I always hope that she’ll remember my birthday, but she never __________.

5. She had nothing to say. No one at the meeting __________.

6. I didn’t report Liam to the police, but I’m not prepared to say who __________.

7. I thought Kate had the keys, but she says she __________ .

8. She decided that before she went to university she would spend a year travelling

through Asia, just as her brother __________ .

9. “We’re late.” He looked at his watch. “You’re right. We __________.”

10. “Will you make some coffee?” “I already __________.”

Abbreviated Forms Exercise: Complete the sentences with should, will or would as

appropriate. If necessary, write be after the modal, or (be) if it sis possible either to include itor to leave it out.

1. I haven’t yet managed to beat Richard at squash, and I don’t suppose I ever

__________.

2. Ken was waiting to leave when I got there, as I thought he __________.

3. I practised quite often, although not as often as I __________.

4. If he is elected, and I sincerely hope he __________, he will have to move to Brussels.

5. “Don and Helen are very happy with their new flat.” “They __________ ; it’s a beautiful

place to live.”

6. “Will you be going shopping today?” “I __________ later.”

7. She was very pleased to get the necklace back. I knew she __________.

8. If Trencham’s won’t do the work, it is hard to think of another company that

__________.
Reference

   ·       www.englishclub.com/.../verbs-what_classification-.htm

·       www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/verb/1help.htm

     ·       www.examples-help.org.uk/parts-of.../helping-verbs.htm