imperative

Definition: Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands, warning or instructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of an English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive).

For example:

• Give me that tape, please.

To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"

For example:

• Come here!
• Sit down!

To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:

For example:

• Don't go!
• Do not walk on the grass.

You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".

For example:

• Let's stop now.
• Let's have some lunch.
• Let's not argue
• Let's not tell her about it.

Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:

For example:

• Sit down now!
  * "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:

For example:

• Sit down now!
  * "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
• Watch out!
• Look out!
• Don't cross!

Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.

For example:

• Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood.
• Don't drink alcohol
• Don't eat heavy meals

Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:

For example:

• Please take a seat.
• Please wait here.
• Please hold the line.
• Please don't smoke here.

http://www.english-online.org.uk/int2/aski1.htm

http://www.english-online.org.uk/adv2/aska1.htm

Simple present

A)    Study this example situation:

Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed.

So:

He is not drives a bus (he is asleep).                             

But : He drives a bus.

This is the simple present tense:

I / we /you/they drive

He/she/(it)           drives

We use the simple present to talk about thing in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:

§  The earth goes around the sun.

§  Nurses take care of patients in hospital.

§  In Canada, most stores close at 6.00 p.m.

Remember that we say he /she/it-s. Don’t forget the s:

§  I work in the bank .Barry works in a department store.

B)use do/dose to make questions and negative sentences:

do           I/we/you/they

does             he/she/it            work ?

I/we/you/they         don’t                

         he/she/it          doesn’t              work

§  Excuse me, do you speak English?

§  “Would you like a cigarette?”  “No, thanks. I don’t smoke.”

§  Want does this word mean? (not Want means this word?)

§  Rice doesn’t grow in Alaska.

C)     We use the simple present when we say how often we do things:

§  I get up at 8:00 every morning. ( not am getting )

§  How often do you go to the dentist?

§  Ann doesn’t go out very often.

§  In the summer , Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.

 D )   Note that we say  “Where do you come from?” (= Where are you from?):

                  §  Where do you come from? (not Where are you coming from?)

                        §  He comes from   Japan.  (not He is coming from Japan.)

Exercise 

   

Complete the sentence with the ffirmative form of the verb in brackets.

A) I (drive) drive   but my sister (cycle)..................

B) The Sun ( rise) ...............in the east and (set) ..............in the west.

C)The Prine Minister (travel)..............abroad in his own private aeroplane.

D)It (cost).................$20 million to be a space tourist for one week in the International Space Station.

E)The European Commission (meet).............in Brussels.

Complete the sentence with the negative from of the verb in the brackets.

Use contraction.

A)You (do) don't do     any of the cooking!

B) My brother (play) ................tennis because he (like)..................it.

C) I (think) .............................that good idea.

D)Teacher(work)........................at weekends.

E)The goverment (agree)................with the new EU law.

Reference
Michael Vince.(2007).Macmillan English Grammar In Context.Oxford

Place prepostion , prepositions in phrases, place adverbs.

in, at,on


Use in for things enclosed in something eles. We use in with towns and countries.


    Sugar dissolves in water                The cell is found in the upper part of  the leaf.
    in Ghana           in Pisa                   in the north of ltaly


Use at with  a place.
    Ask at the cinema for details.          At the point where the two lines meet...


Use on for things on the surface or side of something, and with islands.
    Some lichens grow on bare rock.    There were on trees on the island.


We generally use on for tains, buses, ships, and planes, and in for cars.
    I met an old friend on the train.


into, out of
into describes movement in and out of is the opposite. In everyday speech, out is used intead of
out of.
    Two men came into the bank.          Everyone ran out of the burning building.


Out of is also the oppsite of in.
     Mr Smith is out of the building at the moment.


inside, outside
inside is used to describe something in a room etc, especially when the speaker is outside.
    The police were watching what was happening inside the bank.
    Can you stan outside the door, please.


to,from
Use to with verb of movement, change etc, though not with home.
     Not many children go to school in Burkina Faso.       I when home at 6.00.


Use to and from to desribe the two points of a movement.
     It changes from a liquid to a solid.


below, under, beneath
Below means 'at a lower level' and occurs in phrases such as below zero;below average;
see below for more information.


Under can mean 'covered by', as in under the bed and under a pile of books.
We also use it in these phrases:
     Look it up under'Mammals'        Children under five are admitted free.


Beneath means' exactly under' and can be used in place
     We sat beneat/ under a tree.       Beneath/ under a pile of books...


above, over
About means at higher level than something, and not touching it.
      Put your hands above your head.          There is a forest above the village.


Over is  the opposite of under , and can mean 'touching or covering'.
      They put a blanket over him to keep him warm.


Above and over can be used to mean the same thing, especially when something
is at a higher level exactly vertically.
       They lived in a flat above/over the bank.


preposition+ noun+ of


at the end of     at the side of          at the beginning of     at the front of 
at the back of   at the bottom of     at the top of               in fron of
in the middle of

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